Although aerobic glycolysis is a less efficient way to produce energy (2 ATP/glucose), it helps accumulate a large amount of metabolite precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, fatty acids, and amino acids (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). The extensive studied metabolic reprogram is aerobic glycolysis, also known as the “Warburg effect.” That is, cancer cells preferentially convert pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis into lactate instead of transporting pyruvate into the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic reprogram enables cells to synthesize a large amount of precursors for biomacromolecule synthesis (Pavlova and Thompson, 2016). Tumor cells need to change their metabolism to support their demands for rapid growth and proliferation, so called metabolism reprogram (Pavlova and Thompson, 2016).
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